转一篇睡前读物1，希望大家今天能做个好梦~！过几天我的结果需要验证一下~！

小小虎222 发表于 2015-2-9 23:40:10

以下是Medhelp艾防社区“三巨头”（Teak，LIZZIE LOU，nursegirl6572）之一的nursegirl6572最近发的一篇反恐巨作。nursegirl6572是一位在几乎所有的医护领域工作过的有16年工作经验的注册护士。看到这篇文章比较好，翻译过来以飨国内恐友。觉得好你就顶，反正我觉得灰常灰常好，尤其对于许多恐出心理问题的恐友来说。
I am very honored to be a regular contributor on the HIV Prevention Forum here at MH. The forum is very busy, and we often get the same inquiries over and over. I figured that putting together a journal entry covering the most popular topics, and just laying out the facts may be helpful. I also invite Lizzie Lou and Teak to share their thoughts, and to cover anything I may have missed.
我很荣幸成为Medhelp艾防社区的定期撰稿人。这个论坛很繁忙，我们经常反复碰到同样的问题。我打算集中做一个能够覆盖大部分问题的流水账，同时告诉对大家有益的真相。我还请Lizzie Lou和Teak分享你们的看法，帮我补充遗漏的地方。
First of all, sadly, there is a very overlinflated view of HIV among a large portion of the general population. I feel this is related to a lot of the "hype" and media around the virus. The FACT is, HIV is a very difficult virus to transmit. Comparable to other viruses (ie influenza), it is a very WEAK and unstable virus that succombs to the environment rapidly. It needs basically a set of near perfect circumstances to allow for infection. Therefore, a person CANNOT get HIV from environmental surfaces, like toilet seats, manicure/barber equipment, shower stalls, drinking glasses, toothbrushes, etc etc. The virus quickly becomes inactive when it is outside of its host (the body). This is why infection from inanimate objects is impossible. This is also why mutual masturbation with exposure to a partner's gential fluids is also NOT a risk in any way. This also is the case with cuts, abrasions, cracked cuticles, etc. Those things make no difference when it comes to risk, as the virus is outside of its host, rendering it inactive.
首先，不幸的是，普通人群中有很大的一部分人对于HIV的传播的观点过于夸大。我认为这和关于这个病毒“天花乱坠的广告宣传”和媒体报道有很大关系。而真相是，HIV是非常难传播的一种病毒。和其他病毒相比（比如流感），它在外界环境中是非常脆弱和不稳定的。它需要基本上是近乎完美的条件才可能构成感染。所以，一个人是不可能从外界环境表面感染HIV的，比如马桶座，修甲/理发工具，淋浴室，饮料杯，牙刷，等等。病毒在离开寄主（身体）之后很快就失活了。这就是为什么从一个无生命的物体那里感染是不可能的。这也就是为什么暴露于对方生殖器体液的相互**无论如何都没有风险。这包括那些手上有口子的，破损的，倒刺等等。这些东西不增加任何风险，因为病毒是在寄主体外的，病毒失活了。

"Delayed Seroconversion". We have all heard horror stories of people who test negative for YEARS, even decades, somehow being infected without having a POS HIV test. This is a bunch of "you know what". It doesn't happen, it is an urban myth. If a person has transmitted the virus, they will test pos, actually quite rapidly (usually within 6 weeks of exposure). 3 months will give a person with an exposure a conclusive result. If a person does not test POS for HIV 3 months after an exposure, then they did not contract HIV. The ONLY exception to this is people who have literally NO immune system who may take longer to produce antibodies. This would include an extremely small portion of the population, and would include situations such as....a person taking anti-rejection meds post an organ transplant, a person on aggressive chemotherapy, or a person with terminal, end stage cancer, again...people who have NO immunity. Even this "delayed" seroconversion among this small population is highly debated among medical professionals. Even people in these categories usually test POS within the 3 month window period, but as a precaution, it is recommended that people with severely compromised immune systems test to 6 months post an exposure. NO ONE ELSE NEEDS TO TEST BEYOND 3 MONTHS. If a person was prescribed PEP ("Post Exposure Prophylaxis), then they need to test 3 months after their LAST dose of PEP.
“延迟的血清转化”。我们都听说过很恐怖的故事，比如不知道为什么感染之后几年，甚至几十年一直检测为阴性而检查不出来。这就是一堆“你知道吗？（译注：直译，应该就是以讹传讹的人的开头语）”。根本就没那么回事，仅仅是一个乡间传说。如果一个人感染了HIV病毒，实际来说很快就可以查出来（通常是高危后6周以内）。（译注：美国的版主一样支持6周论）3个月将是最终的结果。如果3个月之后的检查是阴性的话那么这个人没有感染HIV。唯一的例外就是那些免疫系统几乎完全丧失的人可能需要更长的时间产生抗体。这些人包括极小一部分先天免疫缺陷的，和后天免疫缺陷的，比如接受器官移植的采用了免疫抑制药物的，正在接受化疗的，癌症晚期的，还有，没有免疫能力的人。即使这些人血清转化的“延迟”在医学专业领域也饱受争议。即使这些人通常也在符合3个月窗口期之说，但是为了保险起见，还是建议那些有免疫缺陷的人查到6个月。再没有其他人需要查到3个月以后。如果服用了阻断药物（PEP），那要在服用最后一剂PEP的3个月之后检测。

"Autoimmune Disorders". This is often confused with what I discussed above. Autoimmune disorders (ie rheumatoid arthritis) are completely different from a person with a severely compromised immune system, from chemo, etc. The presence of an autoimmune disorder does NOT change the testing guidelines whatsoever, and it will not affect the test results.
“自身免疫功能紊乱”。这经常和我上面所说的免疫缺陷混淆。自身免疫性疾病（比如风湿性关节炎）和由于化疗等原因造成的严重的免疫系统缺陷完全不同。自身免疫功能紊乱不影响检测时间的指南，也不影响检测结果。

"Blood to Blood Exposures". We get questions about this all the time. HIV is classified as a "blood borne pathogen", which is where a lot of this fear comes from. It basically means that the virus has to reach the bloodstream. In sexual exposures, it does this through the mucous membranes of the vagina or anus, which are VERY vascular, with very easy access to the vascular system. In a needle sharing scenario, a person is injecting infected blood DIRECTLY into their bloodstream. These situations are VERY different from a superficial skin "exposure":
“血液到血液的暴露”。我们总能碰到这样的问题。HIV被列为“血源性病原”，这也就是很多恐惧来源的地方。简单来说就是病毒要进入血液循环系统。性暴露中，病毒通过YD或直肠的的粘膜，这些粘膜有着丰富的血管，是病毒极易进入血管系统的通道。对于共用针具的情况，就是一个人直接将感染者的血液注入他们的血液循环系统中。这些情况和表皮曾所谓的“暴露”有极大的不同。
Someone has a cut and was exposed to someone else's cut. This does not pose a risk for many reasons. First, the skin serves as an EXCELLENT barrier to the virus. The skin is comprised of several layers, and injuries, like paper cuts, etc...begin healing IMMEDIATELY from the inside out. Therefore, even if there IS a superficial abrasion/laceration, it will not allow the virus to penetrate deep enough to reach the bloodstream, which is what has to happen for infection. In a VERY severe scenario, there may be a risk....for example, two people being in a car accident with large major hemorrhaging injuries where there is HUGE exposure to the other person's blood through a very significant (deep) injury. However, again...being exposed to someone else's blood in small amounts, even with a small cut, will NOT place you at risk.
有些人有个小伤口暴露于别人的小伤口。无论如何这都没什么危险。首先，皮肤是一个阻止病毒的非常好的屏障。皮肤有好几层组成，而一些伤口，比如小伤口等，可以很快地从伤口内部开始愈合。所以，即使是表皮的破损/破口，病毒也不能穿透足够的深度到达血液循环系统，这是构成感染的必要条件。在一些非常极端的情况下，可能会有风险，比如，交通事故中的两个人，身上有比较大流血的伤口，也就是通过很深的伤口暴露于别人血液的之中。然而，再重复一次，暴露于别人很少的血液，即使有个小伤口，也不会有风险。

猪猪侠 发表于 2015-12-6 11:24:53

建议阅读

00112233 发表于 2016-2-28 21:38:06

谢谢分享！！！！！

q393582116 发表于 2016-9-9 17:10:08

太棒了，每次睡不着就看下这篇文章，谢谢你

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转一篇睡前读物1，希望大家今天能做个好梦~！过几天我的结果需要验证一下~！