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发表于 2011-9-16 01:59:20
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美国纽约州及纽约市的窗口期:
http://www.nysna.org/programs/practice/alerts/alert3.htm
Definition of HIV “Window Period” Has Changed 窗口期更改了!
Based upon a clearer understanding of current scientific and clinical data, the Departments of Health (DOH) for the State and New York City have determined that the “window period” for HIV infection probably does not exceed one month in most cases. Therefore, it is now recommended that after exposure, the re-test should be at three months, rather than six months. This change will increase the likelihood for earlier treatment to begin.
基于目前的科学水平和临床数据有了更清楚的认识,纽约州和纽约市的卫生部认为感染HIV的窗口期对绝大多数人来说不超过一个月。但是,还是推荐3个月后复检一次,而不是6个月。这次更改是尽量提高早期治疗的可能性。
Please see the following DOH memorandum for complete information:
请看下面的卫生部备忘录以了解全部的内容:
Update on the Window Period for HIV Infection New York State and New York City Joint Recommendations for HIV Testing and Re-testing
HIV感染窗口期的更新纽约州和纽约市对HIV初筛和复检的联合指引
What is the Window Period?
什么是窗口期?
The window period is the length of time after infection that it takes for a person to develop enough specific antibodies to be detected by our current testing methods. If an individual engages in unsafe sex or shares drug injection equipment and becomes infected, the body will make antibodies to fight HIV. When enough antibodies are developed, the HIV antibody test will come back positive. Each person’s body responds to HIV infection a little differently, so the window period varies slightly from person to person. HIV is most commonly diagnosed in adolescents and adults through HIV antibody testing. However, there are also tests that diagnose HIV infection by detecting certain parts of the genetic material of HIV. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests are used to diagnose HIV infection in infants. Viral culture may also be performed in certain circumstances to diagnose HIV.
窗口期是感染后人体产生的特异性抗体能被目前的检测方法检测出来的时间。一次不安全性行为或共用注射器会造成感染,人体会产生抗体来对抗HIV病毒。当有足够多的抗体时,HIV抗体检测就会得到阳性结果。每个人对HIV感染的反应有一点不同,所以窗口期是对每个人有轻微的不同。在青少年和成年人中一般用HIV抗体检测的方法来检测的。然而,也可探测HIV特有的遗传物质来判断是否感染了HIV。PCR(聚合酶联反应)用来诊断婴儿是否感染HIV。也可在特定的环境下培养病毒来诊断HIV。
How Has Our Understanding of the Window Period Changed Over the Years?
我们如何理解窗口期在多年后的变化?
Early in the epidemic, our testing methods were not as sensitive as they are today. Doctors and public health officials wanted to make sure that people who engaged in risk behaviors for HIV were tested long enough after their risk to be sure that anyone who was actually infected would test positive. The Centers for Disease Control currently states that people with possible exposure to HIV, who test negative, should be re-tested six months after the possible exposure to ensure that sufficient time has elapsed to make antibodies. However, as early as 1990, the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors reached a consensus recommendation that virtually all seroconversions are complete within twelve weeks of exposure. Improvements in HIV testing technology over the last fifteen years, increasing laboratory experience with testing and the ability to better monitor early infection through PCR testing have contributed greatly to our understanding of the window period and have provided increased confidence that virtually all cases of HIV infection can be detected by three months.
在早期的流行时,我们的检测方法不如今天灵敏。医生和健康官员目的为了弄清楚高危人群在和感染者高危后是否感染。疾病控制中心规定高危者在可能的暴露行为6个月后复检是确保抗体有足够的时间产生。然而,在1990年年头,联合协会和公共卫生实验室一致认为实际上感染后血清会在12周之内完成阳转。在15年后HIV的知识有了提高,实验室的经验累积,及可以发现早期感染的PCR检测法,都对窗口期的理解有了极大的帮助,而且更加增强了所有的阳转会在3个月内完成的信心。
What is the best time for the first HIV test after a possible exposure to HIV?
可能有HIV暴露的第一次检测的最佳时间?
Most people infected with HIV will develop enough antibodies to be detected by our current HIV antibody tests four weeks after the exposure. This means that, for example, if a person had unsafe sex and became infected on January 1, it is likely that he/she will have enough antibodies to test positive four weeks later. If the person tests positive, this early testing is beneficial because the person can begin receiving medical care very early in the course of the infection. Recent advances in care and treatment for HIV infection have increased the advantages of early identification and treatment. Therefore, especially when HIV infection is highly suspected, it is often beneficial for the first HIV test to take place four weeks after an exposure. In cases of occupational exposure or exposure through sexual assault, an HIV test is also recommended immediately after the exposure to establish baseline HIV status, followed by another HIV test one month after the exposure (see MMWR 8/15/96 for details of CDC recommendations).
绝大多数的人在暴露后4周产生的HIV抗体对目前的检测方法来说是足够多的了。意思是,举个例子,如果一个人在1月1号因不安全性行为而感染,那他/她会有足够多的抗体而使4周后的检测为阳。如果检测为阳者,在尽可能早的治疗是会有好处的。HIV感染越早治疗越好。所以,特别当高度怀疑感染时,最好4周后进行第一次检测。在职业暴露或强迫性行为的情况下,HIV测试应立刻进行以判断基本情况,然后一个月后复检。(请看MMWR 8/15/96 CDC指引细节)
How long after a possible exposure to HIV does the person have to wait to be tested to be sure he/she is not infected?
检测者要等多久的时间去检测以完全排除没有感染呢?
It is possible that someone who tests negative four weeks after an exposure may be infected but his/her body has not had sufficient time to develop antibodies. Therefore, to rule out HIV infection, it is important to re-test three months after the exposure. It is extremely rare for an HIV-infected individual to not develop antibodies by three months. An individual who tests negative three months after an exposure does not require further testing unless he/she may have repeated exposures or if their antibody test results are incompatible with their clinical history.
暴露后4周还未产生足够多的抗体的情况也是有可能的。因此,为了完全排除HIV感染,3个月复检是很重要的,超过3个月还未产生抗体的个案极其极其罕见。3个月后检测为阴的人不需要再检测了,除非他/她又暴露了或抗体检测结果和临床症状不附。
What is the recommendation for testing for individuals who engage in on-going risk behavior?
对反复高危行为的建议是什么?
The primary focus of our work with individuals who place themselves at on-going risk for HIV infection must be continued education, behavioral counseling and harm reduction, such as education about safer injection practices and referral to syringe exchange programs and drug rehabilitation services. HIV testing offers no "protection”from HIV infection. An individual with a negative HIV test who engages in on-going risk behavior should be offered testing every three months and counseled to avoid risk behavior. In these cases, the function of testing is to ensure early access to care in the event that the individual becomes HIV positive.
我们最基本的工作是必须教育那些让自己反复处于HIV暴露危险的行为者,行为资询和伤害减少,例如安全注射练习和推荐注射器更换计划及戒毒服务。HIV检测并不是HIV感染的“保护伞”,即使HIV检测为阴的反复高危者应该每3个月检测,并被告知远离高危。检测的作用是尽可能早的使HIV阳性者得到治疗。
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